¿La plena exposición solar podría representar ventajas fisiológicas para el cultivo de cacao criollo?
Palabras clave:
fotoquímica, fluorescencia, fotosíntesis, sombra, exposición solar, cacao
Resumen
En Venezuela se desconoce el desempeño fisiológico de los árboles adultos de cacao a plena exposición solar. Se evaluó el efecto a largo plazo de una alta densidad de flujo fotónico (DFF) sobre el potencial hídrico foliar (Y), índice de área foliar (IAF), intercambio gaseoso, actividad fotoquímica del fotosistema II (PSII) y, contenido de pigmentos fotosintéticos en árboles adultos de cacao Ocumare 61 (OC-61), con el objetivo de conocer si el clon OC-61 tiene un buen desempeño fotosintético en plantas cultivadas a plena exposición solar (E) o si por el contario existe una desventaja fisiológica en comparación con las cultivadas en sombra (S); también se evaluaron hojas autosombreadas en cada condición (E+A y S+A). El clon OC-61 cultivado en E, mostró cambios significativos en algunos rasgos fisiológicos: menor Y, menor IAF, mayores tasas de fotosíntesis (A) y eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA), menor concentración intercelular de CO2 (Ci) y un menor contenido de clorofilas totales y de carotenoides. Se encontró una mayor tasa de transporte de electrones, eficiencia cuántica del PSII, coeficiente de extinción fotoquímica y no fotoquímica que explicarían parcialmente las mayores A en E; no hubo una disminución en la eficiencia cuántica máxima indicando la ausencia de fotoinhibición. El clon OC-61 es un cultivo tolerante a la sombra; sin embargo, los resultados indican que puede aclimatarse a una alta exposición solar, sin que ocurran daños al funcionamiento del PSII, lo que podría representar una ventaja fisiológica para el clon OC-61 cultivado en el área de estudio.
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Citas
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Ávila-Lovera, E., Coronel, I., Jaimez, R., Urich, R., Pereyra, G., Araque, O., Chacón, I., Tezara, W. 2016. Ecophysiological traits of adult trees of Criollo cocoa cultivars (Theobroma cacao L.) from a germplasm bank in Venezuela. Experimental Agriculture. 52:137–153.
Baligar, V., Bunce, J., Machado, R., Elson, M. 2008. Photosynthetic photon flux density carbon, dioxide concentration and vapor pressure deficit effects on photosynthesis in cacao seedlings. Photosynthetica. 46:216–221.
Bertolde FZ, Almeida A-AF, Pirovani CP, Gomes FP, Ahnert D, Baligar VC, Valle RR (2012) Physiological and biochemical responses of Theobroma cacao L. genotypes to flooding. Photosynthetica 50: 447–457.
Daymond, A.; Tricker, P.J.; Hadley, P. 2011. Genotypic variation in photosynthesis in cacao is correlated with stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen. Biologia Plantarum 55:99–104.
De Almeida, J.; Herrera, A; Tezara W. 2018. Phenotypic plasticity to photon flux density of physiological, anatomical and growth traits in a modern Criollo cocoa clone. Physiologia Plantarum 166(3):821–832.
De Almeida, J., Tezara, W., Herrera, A. 2016 Physiological responses to drought and experimental water deficit and waterlogging of four clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) selected for cultivation in Venezuela. Agricultural Water Managment. 171: 80–88.
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Galyuon, I.K.A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B., Spencem J.A. 1996. The effect of irradiance level on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Tropical agriculture. 73: 29–33
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Herzog, F. 1994. Multipurpose shade trees in coffee and cocoa plantations in Côte d’Ivoire. Agroforestry Systems. 27: 259–267.
Hutcheon, W.W. 1976. Photosynthesis of cacao. Annual Report1973-74, Cacao Research Institute, Ghana, 186-190.
Jaimez, R., Amores, F., Vasco, A., Loor, R., Tarqui, O., Quijano, G., Jiménez, J., Tezara, W. 2018. Photosynthetic response to low and high light of cacao growing without shade in an area of low evaporative demand. Acta biológica Colombiana. 23(1): 95–103.
Jaimez, R.E., Loor, R., Arteaga, F., Márquez, V., Tezara, W. 2021. Differential response of photosynthetic activity, leaf nutrient content and yield to long-term drought in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Accepted 03th December 2021 in Acta agronomica.
Jaimez. R.E., Barragan, L, Fernández-Niño, M., Wessjohann, L.A., Cedeño-Garcia, G., Sotomayor, Cantos, I., Arteaga, F. 2022. Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: a comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects. PeerJ. 10:e12676 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12676.
Jaimez, R.E., Tezara, W., Coronel, I., Urich, R. 2008 Ecophysiology of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): its management in agro forestry system. Suggestions for improvement in Venezuela. Revista Forestal de Venezuela. 35 (2): 253 – 258.
Joly, R., Hahn, D. 1989. Net assimilation of cacao seedlings during periods of plant water deficit. Photosynthesis Research 21:151–159.
Krall, J.P., Edwards, G.E. 1992. Relationship between photosystem II activity and CO2 fixation in leaves. Physiologia Plantarum 86: 180 – 187.
Leiva-Rojas, E.I., Gutiérrez-Brito, E.E., Pardo-Macea C. J., Ramírez-Pisco R. 2019. Comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) por efecto de la poda Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 42 (2): 137 – 146.
Martins, S. C. V., Galmés, J., Cavatte, P. C., Pereira, L. F., Ventrella, M. C., DaMatta, F. M. 2014. Understanding the low photosynthetic rates of sun and shade coffee leaves: bridging the gap on the relative roles of hydraulic, diffusive and biochemical constraints to photosynthesis. PlosOne 9: 1- 10.
Matos, F. S., Wolfgramm, R., Gonçalves, F. V., Cavatte, P., Ventrella, M., DaMatta, F. M. 2009. Phenotypic plasticity in response to light in the coffee tree. Environmental and Experiment Botany 67: 421–427.
Maxwell, K., Johnson, G. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence a practical guide. Journal Experimental Botany 51: 659–668.
Miyaji, K.L., da Silva, W.S., Alvim, P.D.T. 1997. Productivity of leaves of a tropical tree, Theobroma cacao, grown under shading. Relation to leaf age and light conditions within the canopy. New Phytologist 137: 463–472.
Motamayor, J., Risterucci, A., Lopez, P., Ortíz, C., Moreno, A., Lanaud, C. 2002. Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas. Heredity 89: 380-385.
Tezara, W., Urich, R., Jaimez, R., Coronel, I., Araque, O., Azocar, C., Chacón, I. 2016. Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics as Forastero? Botanical Sciences 94(3):563–574.
Tezara, W., De Almeida, J., Valencia, E., Cortes, J., Bolaños, M. 2015. Actividad fotoquímica de clones élites de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) ecuatoriano en el Norte de la Provincia Esmeraldas. Investigación y Saberes IV 3: 37-52.
Tezara, W., Pereyra, G., Ávila-Lovera, E., Herrera A. 2020. Variability in physiological responses of venezuelan cacao to drought. Experimental Agriculture 56: 407–421. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000058.
Tezara Fernández, W., Valencia Caicedo, EE, Reynel Chila, V.H., Bolaños Ortega, M.J., Blanco-Flores, H. 2020. Actividad fotosintética de 10 clones de cacao nacional y su relación con el rendimiento. Revista ESPAMCIENCIA 11(1):19-27.
Valladares, F., Niinemets, Ü. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38: 237–257.
Wellburn, A. 1994. The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. Journal Plant Physiology 144: 307 – 313.
Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke, S., Johnson, E. S., Butler, D. R., Bailey, B., Meinhardt, L. 2009. Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genet. Genomes 5(4): 595–607.
Araque, O., Jaimez, R.E., Tezara, W., Coronel, I., Urich, R., Espinoza, W. 2012. Comparative photosynthesis, water relations, growth and survival rates in juvenile Criollo cacao cultivars (Theobroma cacao) during dry and wet seasons. Experimental Agriculture. 48: 513 – 522.
Ávila-Lovera, E., Coronel, I., Jaimez, R., Urich, R., Pereyra, G., Araque, O., Chacón, I., Tezara, W. 2016. Ecophysiological traits of adult trees of Criollo cocoa cultivars (Theobroma cacao L.) from a germplasm bank in Venezuela. Experimental Agriculture. 52:137–153.
Baligar, V., Bunce, J., Machado, R., Elson, M. 2008. Photosynthetic photon flux density carbon, dioxide concentration and vapor pressure deficit effects on photosynthesis in cacao seedlings. Photosynthetica. 46:216–221.
Bertolde FZ, Almeida A-AF, Pirovani CP, Gomes FP, Ahnert D, Baligar VC, Valle RR (2012) Physiological and biochemical responses of Theobroma cacao L. genotypes to flooding. Photosynthetica 50: 447–457.
Daymond, A.; Tricker, P.J.; Hadley, P. 2011. Genotypic variation in photosynthesis in cacao is correlated with stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen. Biologia Plantarum 55:99–104.
De Almeida, J.; Herrera, A; Tezara W. 2018. Phenotypic plasticity to photon flux density of physiological, anatomical and growth traits in a modern Criollo cocoa clone. Physiologia Plantarum 166(3):821–832.
De Almeida, J., Tezara, W., Herrera, A. 2016 Physiological responses to drought and experimental water deficit and waterlogging of four clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) selected for cultivation in Venezuela. Agricultural Water Managment. 171: 80–88.
Dostert, N., Roque, J., Cano, A., La Torre, M. I., Weigend, M. 2011. Hoja Botánica: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Reporte técnico, Museo de Historia Natural. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Primera edición.
Galyuon, I.K.A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B., Spencem J.A. 1996. The effect of irradiance level on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Tropical agriculture. 73: 29–33
Genty, B., Briantais, J., Baker, N. 1989. The relationships between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica. 990:87–92.
Herzog, F. 1994. Multipurpose shade trees in coffee and cocoa plantations in Côte d’Ivoire. Agroforestry Systems. 27: 259–267.
Hutcheon, W.W. 1976. Photosynthesis of cacao. Annual Report1973-74, Cacao Research Institute, Ghana, 186-190.
Jaimez, R., Amores, F., Vasco, A., Loor, R., Tarqui, O., Quijano, G., Jiménez, J., Tezara, W. 2018. Photosynthetic response to low and high light of cacao growing without shade in an area of low evaporative demand. Acta biológica Colombiana. 23(1): 95–103.
Jaimez, R.E., Loor, R., Arteaga, F., Márquez, V., Tezara, W. 2021. Differential response of photosynthetic activity, leaf nutrient content and yield to long-term drought in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Accepted 03th December 2021 in Acta agronomica.
Jaimez. R.E., Barragan, L, Fernández-Niño, M., Wessjohann, L.A., Cedeño-Garcia, G., Sotomayor, Cantos, I., Arteaga, F. 2022. Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: a comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects. PeerJ. 10:e12676 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12676.
Jaimez, R.E., Tezara, W., Coronel, I., Urich, R. 2008 Ecophysiology of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): its management in agro forestry system. Suggestions for improvement in Venezuela. Revista Forestal de Venezuela. 35 (2): 253 – 258.
Joly, R., Hahn, D. 1989. Net assimilation of cacao seedlings during periods of plant water deficit. Photosynthesis Research 21:151–159.
Krall, J.P., Edwards, G.E. 1992. Relationship between photosystem II activity and CO2 fixation in leaves. Physiologia Plantarum 86: 180 – 187.
Leiva-Rojas, E.I., Gutiérrez-Brito, E.E., Pardo-Macea C. J., Ramírez-Pisco R. 2019. Comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) por efecto de la poda Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 42 (2): 137 – 146.
Martins, S. C. V., Galmés, J., Cavatte, P. C., Pereira, L. F., Ventrella, M. C., DaMatta, F. M. 2014. Understanding the low photosynthetic rates of sun and shade coffee leaves: bridging the gap on the relative roles of hydraulic, diffusive and biochemical constraints to photosynthesis. PlosOne 9: 1- 10.
Matos, F. S., Wolfgramm, R., Gonçalves, F. V., Cavatte, P., Ventrella, M., DaMatta, F. M. 2009. Phenotypic plasticity in response to light in the coffee tree. Environmental and Experiment Botany 67: 421–427.
Maxwell, K., Johnson, G. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence a practical guide. Journal Experimental Botany 51: 659–668.
Miyaji, K.L., da Silva, W.S., Alvim, P.D.T. 1997. Productivity of leaves of a tropical tree, Theobroma cacao, grown under shading. Relation to leaf age and light conditions within the canopy. New Phytologist 137: 463–472.
Motamayor, J., Risterucci, A., Lopez, P., Ortíz, C., Moreno, A., Lanaud, C. 2002. Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas. Heredity 89: 380-385.
Tezara, W., Urich, R., Jaimez, R., Coronel, I., Araque, O., Azocar, C., Chacón, I. 2016. Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics as Forastero? Botanical Sciences 94(3):563–574.
Tezara, W., De Almeida, J., Valencia, E., Cortes, J., Bolaños, M. 2015. Actividad fotoquímica de clones élites de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) ecuatoriano en el Norte de la Provincia Esmeraldas. Investigación y Saberes IV 3: 37-52.
Tezara, W., Pereyra, G., Ávila-Lovera, E., Herrera A. 2020. Variability in physiological responses of venezuelan cacao to drought. Experimental Agriculture 56: 407–421. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000058.
Tezara Fernández, W., Valencia Caicedo, EE, Reynel Chila, V.H., Bolaños Ortega, M.J., Blanco-Flores, H. 2020. Actividad fotosintética de 10 clones de cacao nacional y su relación con el rendimiento. Revista ESPAMCIENCIA 11(1):19-27.
Valladares, F., Niinemets, Ü. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38: 237–257.
Wellburn, A. 1994. The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. Journal Plant Physiology 144: 307 – 313.
Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke, S., Johnson, E. S., Butler, D. R., Bailey, B., Meinhardt, L. 2009. Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genet. Genomes 5(4): 595–607.
Publicado
2022-06-30
Cómo citar
Tezara, W., Blanco Flores, H., Gómez Vera, P., Ríos Bolívar, F., De Almeida Dos santos, J., Fischer Castilla, F., & Reynel Chila, V. (2022). ¿La plena exposición solar podría representar ventajas fisiológicas para el cultivo de cacao criollo?. Revista ESPAMCIENCIA ISSN 1390-8103, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.51260/revista_espamciencia.v13i1.299
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